The 2022 National Security Strategy states that the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is the only
competitor to the United States with the intent and, increasingly, the capacity to reshape the
international order. As a result, the 2022 National Defense Strategy identifies the PRC as the
“pacing challenge” for the Department of Defense (DoD). As the PRC seeks to achieve “national
rejuvenation” by its centenary in 2049, Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leaders view a modern,
capable, and “world-class” military as essential to achieving its revisionist aims and overcoming
what Beijing sees as an increasingly turbulent international environment.

The DoD annual report on Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of
China charts the course of the PRC’s national, economic, and military strategy and offers insight
on the People’s Liberation Army’s (PLA) strategy, current capabilities, and activities as well as its
future modernization goals.

In 2023, the PRC continued its efforts to form the PLA into an increasingly capable instrument of
national power. Throughout the year, the PLA adopted more coercive actions in the Indo-Pacific
region while accelerating its development of capabilities and concepts to strengthen the PRC’s
ability to “fight and win wars” against a “strong enemy,” counter an intervention by a third party
in a conflict along the PRC’s periphery, and project power globally. Working-level and senior-
level military-to-military channels of communication resumed following President Biden and PRC
leader Xi Jinping meeting in November 2023.

This report illustrates the importance of meeting the pacing challenge presented by the PRC’s
increasingly capable military.